Optimal model parameters for multi-objective large-eddy simulations

A methodology is proposed for the assessment of error dynamics in large-eddy simulations. It is demonstrated that the optimization of model parameters with respect to one flow property can be obtained at the expense of the accuracy with which other flow properties are predicted. Therefore, an approach is introduced which allows to assess the total errors based on various flow properties simultaneously. We show that parameter settings exist, for which all monitored errors are "near optimal," and refer to such regions as "multi-objective optimal parameter regions." We focus on multi-objective errors that are obtained from weighted spectra, emphasizing both large- as well small-scale errors. These multi-objective optimal parameter regions depend strongly on the simulation Reynolds number and the resolution. At too coarse resolutions, no multi-objective optimal regions might exist as not all error-components might simultaneously be sufficiently small. The identification of multi-objective optimal parameter regions can be adopted to effectively compare different subgrid models. A comparison between large-eddy simulations using the Lilly-Smagorinsky model, the dynamic Smagorinsky model and a new Re-consistent eddy-viscosity model is made, which illustrates this. Based on the new methodology for error assessment the latter model is found to be the most accurate and robust among the selected subgrid models, in combination with the finite volume discretization used in the present study

Rapid generation of angular momentum in bounded magnetized plasma

Direct numerical simulations of two-dimensional decaying MHD turbulence in bounded domains show the rapid generation of angular momentum in nonaxisymmetric geometries. It is found that magnetic fluctuations enhance this mechanism. On a larger time scale, the generation of a magnetic angular momentum, or angular field, is observed. For axisymmetric geometries, the generation of angular momentum is absent; nevertheless, a weak magnetic field can be observed. The derived evolution equations for both the angular momentum and angular field yield possible explanations for the observed behavior

Mechanical Flip-Chip for Ultra-High Electron Mobility Devices

Electrostatic gates are of paramount importance for the physics of devices based on high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) since they allow depletion of electrons in selected areas. This field-effect gating enables the fabrication of a wide range of devices such as, for example, quantum point contacts (QPC), electron interferometers and quantum dots. To fabricate these gates, processing is usually performed on the 2DEG material, which is in many cases detrimental to its electron mobility. Here we propose an alternative process which does not require any processing of the 2DEG material other than for the ohmic contacts. This approach relies on processing a separate wafer that is then mechanically mounted on the 2DEG material in a flip-chip fashion. This technique proved successful to fabricate quantum point contacts on both GaAs/AlGaAs materials with both moderate and ultra-high electron mobility.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Numerical solutions of the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic alpha-model

We present direct numerical simulations and alpha-model simulations of four familiar three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence effects: selective decay, dynamic alignment, inverse cascade of magnetic helicity, and the helical dynamo effect. The MHD alpha-model is shown to capture the long-wavelength spectra in all these problems, allowing for a significant reduction of computer time and memory at the same kinetic and magnetic Reynolds numbers. In the helical dynamo, not only does the alpha-model correctly reproduce the growth rate of magnetic energy during the kinematic regime, but it also captures the nonlinear saturation level and the late generation of a large scale magnetic field by the helical turbulence.Comment: 12 pages, 19 figure

A massive, distant proto-cluster at z=2.47 caught in a phase of rapid formation?

Numerical simulations of cosmological structure formation show that the Universe's most massive clusters, and the galaxies living in those clusters, assemble rapidly at early times (2.5 < z < 4). While more than twenty proto-clusters have been observed at z > 2 based on associations of 5-40 galaxies around rare sources, the observational evidence for rapid cluster formation is weak. Here we report observations of an asymmetric, filamentary structure at z = 2.47 containing seven starbursting, submillimeter-luminous galaxies and five additional AGN within a comoving volume of 15000 Mpc$^{3}$. As the expected lifetime of both the luminous AGN and starburst phase of a galaxy is ~100 Myr, we conclude that these sources were likely triggered in rapid succession by environmental factors, or, alternatively, the duration of these cosmologically rare phenomena is much longer than prior direct measurements suggest. The stellar mass already built up in the structure is $\sim10^{12}M_{\odot}$ and we estimate that the cluster mass will exceed that of the Coma supercluster at $z \sim 0$. The filamentary structure is in line with hierarchical growth simulations which predict that the peak of cluster activity occurs rapidly at z > 2.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, accepted in ApJL (small revisions from previous version

Orientation of the Stripe Formed by the Two-Dimensional Electrons in Higher Landau Levels

Effect of periodic potential on the stripe phase realized in the higher Landau levels is investigated by the Hartree-Fock approximation. The period of the potential is chosen to be two to six times of the fundamental period of the stripe phase. It is found that the stripe aligns perpendicularly to the external potential in contrast to a naive expectation and hydrodynamic theory. Charge modulation towards the Wigner crystallization along the stripe is essential for the present unexpected new result.Comment: 5 pages, RevTex, two figures included in the tex

Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the CFRS and LDSS redshift surveys - IV. Influence of mergers in the evolution of faint field galaxies from z~1

HST images of a sample of 285 galaxies with measured z from the CFRS and Autofib-LDSS redshift surveys are analysed to derive the evolution of the merger fraction out to z~1. We have performed visual and machine-based merger identifications, as well as counts of bright pairs of galaxies with magnitude differences less than 1.5 mag. We find that the pair fraction increases with z, with up to ~20% of the galaxies being in physical pairs at z~0.75-1. We derive a merger fraction varying with z as (1+z)^{3.2 +/- 0.6}, after correction for line-of-sight contamination, in excellent agreement with the merger fraction derived from the visual classification of mergers for which m = 3.4 +/- 0.6. After correcting for seeing effects on the ground-based selection of survey galaxies, we conclude that the pair fraction evolves as (1+z)^{2.7 +/- 0.6}. This implies that an average L* galaxy will have undergone 0.8 to 1.8 merger events from z=1 to 0, with 0.5 to 1.2 merger events occuring in a 2 Gyr time span at z~0.9. This result is consistent with predictions from semi-analytical models of galaxy formation. From the simple co-addition of the observed luminosities of the galaxies in pairs, physical mergers are computed to lead to a brightening of 0.5 mag for each pair on average, and a boost in star formation rate of a factor of 2, as derived from the average [O II] equivalent widths. Mergers of galaxies are therefore contributing significantly to the evolution of both the luminosity function and luminosity density of the Universe out to z~1.Comment: 14 pages, 6 PS figures included. Accepted for publication in MNRA

2D Metal-Insulator transition as a percolation transition

By carefully analyzing the low temperature density dependence of 2D conductivity in undoped high mobility n-GaAs heterostructures, we conclude that the 2D metal-insulator transition in this system is a density inhomogeneity driven percolation transition due to the breakdown of screening in the random charged impurity disorder background. In particular, our measured conductivity exponent of $\sim 1.4$ approaches the 2D percolation exponent value of 4/3 at low temperatures and our experimental data are inconsistent with there being a zero-temperature quantum critical point in our system.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Final design proposal: Delta Group-Nood Rider 821(tm)

The Nood Rider 821 (trademark) twin-engine, prop passenger aircraft is described. It is argued that the aircraft is very economical to operate and maintain, offering competitive advantages in the air travel marketplace. The aircraft was designed to operate in 'Aeroworld', a fictional world where the passengers are ping pong balls and the distances between cites are on the order of thousands of feet

Vertical Field-Effect Transistor Based on Wavefunction Extension

We demonstrate a mechanism for a dual layer, vertical field-effect transistor, in which nearly-depleting one layer will extend its wavefunction to overlap the other layer and increase tunnel current. We characterize this effect in a specially designed GaAs/AlGaAs device, observing a tunnel current increase of two orders of magnitude at cryogenic temperatures, and we suggest extrapolations of the design to other material systems such as graphene